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N. Banu ¹, S. Sridhar ², J. Muthumary ³, R. Rengasamy ³

Affiliations
1 Vel’s college of science, IN
2 Pepsico India Ltd., Chennai, IN
3 Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai – 600 025, IN

Abstract

Aspergillus flavus is the widely reported food-borne fungus and the most important mycotoxin source in the world's food supplies. A new approach using algae- Spirulina platensis (blue-green alga), Ulva faciata (green alga) and Sargassum wightii (brown alga) was experimented to control the growth of A. flavus and its aflatoxin B1 production. Among the three algae, S. wightii was found as most suitable biocontrolling agent. The optimum biomass concentration of the alga to detoxify the aflatoxin B1 and inhibition of the fungal mycelial growth was worked out in a controlled condition. An algal biomass of 1.8% (in final concentration) of S. wightii effectively eliminated (100%) aflatoxin B1 and total inhibition of the fungal growth of A. flavus was also achieved concomitantly. The experimental results were encouraging for possible application of algal biomass as biocontrolling agent to recuperate aflatoxin contaminated food and feed commodities.

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S. Siva Ranjanee ¹, N. Banu ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Vels University, Pallavaram, Chennai – 117, IN
2 Department of Biotechnology, Vels University, Pallavaram, Chennai – 117, IN

Abstract

Enzymes found in nature have been used since ancient times in various fields. Overall, the estimated value of the worldwide use of industrial enzymes has grown from $ 1 to $ 1.5 billion during 1995 to 2000. In this group, Manganese Peroxidase belong to Oxido-reductase group.White rot fungi are believed to be the only microorganisms that are able to selectively and efficiently degrade the total component ligninolytic enzyme. In the present study the dye degradation potential of the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium studied on the liquid medium. The fungus was able to decolorize azo dyes. However, the extent of color removal was not consistent with the two dyes. The manganese peroxidase shows positive reaction in the liquid culture. This indicates that the dyes degradation occurred via enzymatic oxidation. The culture condition like incubation period, pH temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources greatly influence the growth and enzyme production of lignin degrading fungi. The pH of the culture medium is critical to the growth, ligninolytic enzyme production and xenobiotics degradation. In the present study, pH 6 was found suitable for the maximum growth and manganese peroxidase production of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Most of the white rot fungi produce lignolytic enzyme in response to carbon, nitrogen and sulphur limitations In accordance with earlier findings, in present study Phanerochaete chrysosporium shows maximum manganese peroxidase production at higher concentration of glucose 20g/l Nitrogen source exerts a great influence on the extracellular lignolytic enzyme production of wood rotting Basidiomycetes. In the present study, among the different nitrogen sources Ammonium tartrate favored maximum manganese peroxidase enzyme production. In the present study production of manganese peroxidase was enhanced by several folds by solid state fermentation than submerged cultures. Among the two different substrate used, wheat bran highly supported the mycelial growth and manganese peroxidase production than other substrate such as rice straw.

Keywords

Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Azo Dye, Solid State Fermentation, Submerged Culture, Manganese peroxidase.

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R. Nancy Immaculate Mary ¹, N. Banu ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Avanced Studies. Chennai, IN

Abstract

The focal intent of the study is about Quorum sensing (QS) which is well known for biofilm production, bacterial virulence and antibiotic resistance. Inhibition of quorum sensing in bacteria can reduce the risk of pathogenicity in all bacterial infection. In the present study the methanolic leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata has showed its anti quorum sensing activity against acyl homoserine lactone -dependent showed a concentration dependent (10-100 μg/ml) reduction in biofilm production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the inhibition level was upto 10-80%. Microtiter plate (MTP)assay and Light microscopic analysis has further confirmed the antibiofilm activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa when treated with methanolic leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata. In addition the methanolic ectract of Andrographis paniculata itself showed no antibacterial activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Keywords

Antibiofilm, Quorum Sensing Inhibition, Acyl Homoserine Lactone, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Microtiter Plate, Andrographis paniculata.

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S. Pavithra ¹, N. Banu ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Vels University, Velan Nagar, P.V. Vaithiyalingam Road, Pallavaram, Chennai – 117, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), VELS University, Velan Nagar, P.V. Vaithiyalingam Road, Pallavaram, Chennai - 117, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Plants are the richest source of bioactive compounds and they have been used as medicine also. Chlorophyllin, a water soluble derivative of chlorophyll (chl) in which magnesium has been replaced with copper and the phytol chains lost. Chlorophyllin has been used by human population for over 50 years for medicinal purposes with no adverse effects. Chlorophyllin is a promising chemopreventive agent to block cancer primarily by inhibiting carcinogen such as AFB₁. The objective was to extract the bioactive pigment chloropyllin from Rhinacanthus nasutus and characterize by IR and NMR and evaluate the effect of chlorophyllin on inhibition of cell proliferation in HepG2 and HeLa cell lines. The HepG2 and HeLa cell lines was exposed with different concentrations of chlorophyllin, and found that there was a significant dose dependent reduction in cell viability. The IC₅₀ value at 48Hrs was 62.5μg/ml for Rhinacanthus nasutus Chlorophyllin on HepG2 Cell line and HeLa cell line. This is the first report of chlorophyllin from fresh leaves of Rhinacanthus nasutus on HepG2 and HeLa cell lines. It also suggests the benefit of these natural compounds against HepG2 and HeLa cell lines.

Keywords

Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin, Rhinacanthus nasutus, HepG2 Cell Lines, HeLa Cell Lines.

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R. Nancy Immaculate Mary ¹, N. Banu ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, IN
2 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, IN

Abstract

The recently discovered cell-cell communication system through signaling molecules among bacterial pathogens is known as Quorum sensing. It is well known for bacterial virulence, antibiotic resistance and biofilm production. Microbial pathogenicity is reduced by inhibiting the quorum sensing activity in all infections caused by bacteria. In this present study the compound Andrographolide which is present as a secondary metabolite in Andrographis paniculata was assessed for its anti quorum sensing activity against acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-dependent biofilm formation and bioluminescence production in Vibrio harveyi (MTCC 7771). The Andrographolide showed a concentration dependent (100 μg/ml) reduction in biofilm production to a level of 97% and reduction of bioluminescence at the level of 98% in Vibrio harveyi (MTCC 7771) and compared with the standard Andrographolide (sigma aldrich). Light microscopic analysis and Microtiter plate assay further confirmed the reduction in the biofilm forming ability of Vibrio harveyi (MTCC 7771) when treated with andrographolide. The andrographolide at its standard concentration showed antibacterial effect on Vibrio harveyi(MTCC 7771).

Keywords

Andrographolide, Andrographis paniculata, Vibrio harveyi, Bioluminescence, Microtiter Plate Assay.

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S. Pavithra ¹, N. Banu ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Vels University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Vels University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Medicinal plants are the rich source of harmless medicines, and used for the treatment of various diseases for thousands of years. They can provide biologically active molecules and lead structures for development of modified derivatives with enhanced activity or reduced activity. Green plants synthesize and preserve a variety of biochemical products, many of which are extractable and used as chemical feed stocks or as raw material for several scientific investigations. Tin chlorophyllin, a water soluble sodium salt of Chlorophyll is one among the family of phytochemical compounds. The central metal atom, magnesium of chlorophyll has been replaced with tin and the phytol chains lost in chlorophyllin. The antioxidant activity of tin chlorophyllin from the leaves of Morinda citrifolia L. was investigated by using in vitro antioxidant models such as DPPH scavenging assay and Phosphomolybdenum method. The free radical scavenging activity of tin chlorophyllin on the stable radical 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was evaluated and the percentage of inhibition was determined. By phosphomolybdenum method, the total antioxidant capacity of tin chlorophyllin was determined and the absorbance values were expressed as the number of gram equivalent of ascorbic acid. The results demonstrate the potential antioxidant activity of tin chlorophyllin and support its possible role in human health protection and disease prevention.

Keywords

Tin Chlorophyllin, Morinda citrifolia L., DPPH, Free Radicals, Phosphomolydenum.

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N. Banu ¹, S. Pavithra ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Vels University, IN
2 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Vels University, IN

Abstract

Medicinal plants are the rich source of harmless medicines, and used for the treatment of various diseases for thousands of years. They can provide biologically active molecules and lead structures for development of modified derivatives with enhanced activity or reduced activity. The isolation and identification of active principles and elucidation of the mechanism of action of a drug is of paramount importance. Hence, works in both mixture of traditional medicine and single active compounds are very important. One such compound is metallochlorophyllin, a water soluble analogue of the ubiquitous green pigment chlorophyll. Metallochlorophyllin can neutralize several physically relevant oxidants and may decrease oxidative damage induced by chemical carcinogens and radiation. It also acts as an effective inhibitor of aflatoxin hepatocarcinogenesis in animal models by blocking carcinogen bioavailability. Further anti-cancer effects of metallochlorophyllin including antioxidant activity, inhibition of enzymatic activity that converts inert procarcinogens into active carcinogens; stimulation of enzymatic activity that promotes the elimination of toxic substances from the body; protection from radiation; and antitumor activity have likewise been evidenced by controlled studies. The metallochlorophyllins are compounds worthy of further study, with the potential to provide great benefit to human health.

Keywords

Chlorophyll, Metallochlorophyllin, Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Microbial, Anti-Carcinogenic.

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K. Rajalakshmi ¹, N. Banu ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Synthetic water soluble form of sodium copper salt of chlorophyll is Chlorophyll in. Antibacterial efficiency of Cholorophyllin from Mimosa pudica was tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneomoniae, Bacillus subtilis, and pseudomonas arogenosa. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine the Antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Sodium copper chlorophyll in from Mimosa pudica shows significant antibacterial activity against all tested micro organisms. Similarly standard sodium copper chlorophyll in also exhibited significant activity. The minimum zone of inhibition and comparatively greater inhibitory concentration were determined in Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and showed significant activity in other tested organisms. The Spectrum of activity observed in the present study may be the leaf extracts of sodium copper chlorophyll in from Mimosa pudica could be a possible source to obtain new and effective herbal medicines to treat infectious diseases.

Keywords

Mimosa pudica, Sodium Copper Cholorophyllin, MIC, Antibacterial Activity.

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M. Durga Devi ¹, N. Banu ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Mohamed Sathak College of Arts and Science, Sholinganallur, Chennai- 119, IN
2 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Vels University, Pallavaram, Chennai, IN

Abstract

Chlorophyllin refers to any one of a group of closely related water-soluble salts that are semi-synthetic derivatives of chlorophyll. It is most common form is sodium copper derivative used as a food additive and in alternative medicine. In this study sodium copper chlorophyllin was extracted from Phyllanthus emblica, a medicinal plant and estimated by visible spectrophotometer and further characterized by TLC, IR, NMR and GC-Mass Chromatographic techniques and studied the anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell line and Vero cell line. Result shows that Chlorophyllin of Phyllanthus emblica has good anticancer activity for breast cancer cell line by using MTT assay.

Keywords

Chlorophyllin, Thin Layer Chromatography, MTT Assay.

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R. Geetha Rani ¹, N. Banu ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Vels University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies(VISTAS), Vels University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Metallochlorophyllin belongs to a group of compound, porphyrins containing a chelated metal ion in the center of the molecule. The central metal atom consists of metals like copper, magnesium, zinc etc with loss of phytol chain. The present study was to extract the metallochlorophyllin from Leucas aspera L. and to check its antifungal activity. The result shows that the metallochlorophyllins (Sodium copper chlorophyllin, Sodium magnesium chlorophyllin, Sodium zinc chlorophyllin) of Leucas aspera L. has significant anti fungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus microsporus with Amphotericin-B (Std) 20 μg /ml as positive control. The active zone of inhibition of Sodium copper chlorophyllin was around 7-15 mm, Sodium magnesium chlorophyllin 15-22 mm, Sodium zinc chlorophyllin 6-10 mm against the pathogenic fungi. This result confirms that the medicinal value of metallochlorophyllins of Leucas aspera L. as an anti fungal sources.

Keywords

Metallochlorophyllins, Antifungal, Medicinal Plants.

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S. Pavithra ¹, N. Banu ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Vels University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Vels University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Metallochlorophyllin, a water soluble analogue of the ubiquitous green pigment chlorophyll belongs to a group of compounds, porphyrins that contain a cheated metal ion in the center of the molecule. Tin chlorophyll in is the metallochlorophyllin with tin as its central metal ion and the phytol chains lost. The aim of the present study was to explore the antimicrobial activity of tin chlorophyll in from the leaves of Morinda citrifolia L. The leaves were collected and the tin chlorophyll in was extracted. The extracted tin chlorophyll in was subjected for antimicrobial study by disc diffusion method. The test organisms include Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus microsporus. The inhibition zones were detected and were calculated for the various organisms. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was also determined and found to be 125μg/ml (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeroginosa) and 250μg/ml (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi). The results of the present study conclude that tin chlorophyll in from the leaves of Morinda citrifolia L. showed significant antimicrobial activity.

Keywords

Metallochlorophyllin, Tin Chlorophyll in, Antibacterial, Antifungal, MIC.

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R. Nancy Immaculate Mary ¹, N. Banu ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, IN
2 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, IN

Abstract

Quorum sensing (QS) is well known for bacterial virulence, antibiotic resistance and biofilm production. Inhibition of quorum sensing can reduce the risk of microbial pathogenicity in all infection. In this present study the compound Andrographolide which is present in Andrographis paniculata leaf extract was assessed for its anti quorum sensing activity against acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-dependent biofilm formation in Serratia marcescens. The Andrographolide obtained from Andrographis paniculata exhibited a concentration dependent (100 μg/ml) reduction in biofilm production in Serratia marcescens to a level of 90% and compared with the standard Andrographolide (sigma aldrich). Microtiter plate and Light microscopic analysis further confirmed the reduction in the biofilm forming ability of Serratia marcescens when treated with andrographolide. In addition the Andrographolide present in Andrographis paniculata by itself showed no growth inhibitory effect on Serratia marcescens.

Keywords

Andrographis paniculata, Quorum Sensing Inhibition, Acyl homoserine lactone, Serratia marcescens, anti Bacterial Assay, Antibiofilm.

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R. Geetha Rani ¹, N. Banu ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Vels University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies(VISTAS), Vels University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC) belongs to a group of compound, porphyrins containing a chelated metal ion in the center of the molecule. It is a sodium salt containing copper as the central metal atom with loss of phytol chain. The present study was to extract the sodium copper chlorophyllin from Leucas aspera L. and to check its antibacterial activity. The results show that sodium copper chlorophyllin of Leucas aspera L. has significant anti- bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeroginosa with Ampicillin (Std) 20 μg /ml as positive control. The active zone of inhibition was around 6-11 mm against the tested human pathogens .The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined and found to be around 31.2-125 μg /ml. This result confirms that the medicinal value of Leucas aspera L. of sodium copper chlorophyllin as an anti bacterial sources.

Keywords

Medicinal Plants, Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin (SCC), Pathogenic Bacteria, Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Leucas aspera L.

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